- cross-posted to:
- performance@programming.dev
- cross-posted to:
- performance@programming.dev
Having a fast and responsive app is orthogonal to “knowing your big Os”. Unfortunately, most tech companies over-emphasize algorithms in interviews and downplay systems knowledge, and I believe that’s one reason behind sluggish apps and bloated systems.
I’ve seen this play out repeatedly. Interviewers ask a LeetCode-style coding question, which is then followed by the ritual of discussing time and memory complexity. Candidates ace the answers. But then… their “real” code suffers from subtle yet impactful performance problems.
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Sure, you can make it 10x faster by optimizing the complexity, but I can improve throughput by 1000x by putting it on 1000 machines.
In practice, it’s a bit of both. Paying attention to Big-O and understanding the gross relative cost of various operations goes a long way, but being able to run an arbitrarily large number of them can get you out of a lot of jams.
I can improve throughput by 1000x by putting it on 1000 machines
My app is installed on 10000 phones! See how much better it runs!
And sometimes a co pletely different approach is better than focusing on the runtime of a single piece. We had a system that was sql code that ran many functions that scaled horribly as data was added to the system. Each function was as fast as could be measured, but the process of running them as separate repetitive functions ended up being over 24 hours in some cases.
Redoing them as a single stored procedure and optimizing that reduced it to a few minutes. This approach was much more complex than the individual functions and took about a year to replace what was oroginally written in 3 months.
Many times the effort to make something more efficient takes far longer than getting it to work in the first place, and many processes are slow because they did not allocate time to properly optimize or include staff that are able to optimize.
The vast majority of wall time for most uses is io. You need someone on your team to care about big o, but for most teams, its not the problem
Article ends with “I’m not a performance expert at all, but I do like systems and enjoy thinking about their holistic behavior.”
That’s the only take away. Author isn’t a subject matter expert but is going flap on about it anyway.
I think this is the author being humble.
jmmvis a long time NetBSD and FreeBSD contributor (tmpfs, ATF, pkg_comp), has worked as a SRE at Google, and has been a developer on projects such as Bazel (build infrastructure). They probably know a thing or two about performance.Regarding the overall point of the blog, I agree with
jmmv. Big O is a measure of efficiency at scale, not a measure of performance.As someone who teaches Data Structures and Systems Programming courses, I demonstrate this to students early on by showing them multiple solutions to a problem such as how to detect duplicates in a stream of input. After analyzing the time and space complexities of the different solutions, we run it the programs and measure the time. It turns out that the O(nlogn) version using sorting can beat out the O(n) version due to cache locality and how memory actually works.
Big O is a useful tool, but it doesn’t directly translate to performance. Understanding how systems work is a lot more useful and important if you really care about optimization and performance.
Big O is a useful tool, but it doesn’t directly translate to performance. Understanding how systems work is a lot more useful and important if you really care about optimization and performance.
This is something I learned pretty early on as a professional developer. I got a computer science degree and was taught data structures, algorithms, and big O. In my first job, I came across a small piece of Java code that was being run a lot that had a small list being searched each time. I figured converting to a HashSet would be faster, but in testing it was actually slower. I forget the exact details, but I learned to test my assumptions about performance and not to just blindly change things.
My degree, for the most part, did not prepare me for working with large, interconnected systems. The only course that came close was an elective called “concurrent programming” which was really just “algorithms, but parallel”.
Besides an amazing anime, the heck is a big O?
Itcs a generalized method/notation of measuring how long a piece of code takes to run for a given input.
O(n2) means that as the input n grows, it takes exponential time to process. Like if you were trying to find items that matched in an array by looping over every item in the array and then using a nested loop in the first one to compare against every other item in the array. You’d be doing (# of items) * (# of items) comparisons, or (# of items)2 comparisons. n2 comparisons.
There’s some rules about simplifying the result down to the most significant portion, so On+n would be simplified as On, but that’s the basics.
It’s a pretty important concept as you get into making larger projects.
O(n2) means that as the input n grows, it takes exponential time to process.
this is really pedantic, but O(n2) is quadratic, not exponential. the exponential runtimes are things like O(2n). when n gets even modestly big (say n=100), youre looking at a difference of 2100 ≈ 1.26×1030 vs 1002 = 10,000. this is just to say that exponential runtime is really in a class of its own.
but otherwise i think this was a pretty good explanation of the concept
Oh we’re not talking about performance in bed then?
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